Price, as they say, is determined on the margins. This is especially true for inelastic goods. If 100 Tickle Me Elmo dolls exist in Walmart on Christmas eve, and 100 people absolutely need to have them, you don't have a problem. The price will be some reasonable markup on the cost of production. However, if one more person walks in fearing the wrath of his child if there's no Elmo under the tree, Walmart (
WMT) can quickly turn into a war zone. In Walmart, this supply shortage might be settled by shoving and hair pulling. In a civilized market, this supply, demand inequity is settled with price. In the case of Elmo in 1996, some dolls
were reportedly sold in aftermarkets for $1500.
This is an important concept to keep in mind when evaluating the silver market. Silver is interesting because it is actually two different markets. On one hand, silver is a physical commodity that is used in industry or warehoused as physical savings. This market is rather inelastic on the supply and demand side as I will discuss in a bit. On the other hand is the silver derivatives market, paper contracts for silver, that set the spot price on the margins. The paper market is elastic and depends more on investor psychology than underlying fundamentals.
First the physical market. Each year, new silver is dug out of the ground and added to supply. A higher silver price causes an increase in silver production, but that increase is constrained due to the time it takes to bring new production on line and the fact that 70% of silver production comes as a relatively small byproduct of mining other metals. Government sales and recycling added about 25% to the physical supply in 2010, but those factors are only loosely correlated with price.
On the demand side, industrial applications make up nearly half of the demand. For many of these applications, such as electronics, coatings, anti-microbial uses, etc., the amount of silver in the final product is a tiny fraction of the product cost, thus a rise in the silver price does not affect its usage. For demand components such as jewelry, coins, and physical bar investment, a rising price can actually add to the desirability of these goods. As such, the supply and demand of physical silver is very insensitive to price as I explain further in my article,
"The Top 10 Reasons Silver Will Soar".
Now for the paper market. Like all commodity futures markets, the silver futures market has its roots in providing a legitimate market function. A silver miner, for instance, may sell futures to lock in prices and pay for capital equipment. On the other side of the trade, an electronics manufacturer may buy futures to lock in their costs for silver they intend to use in the future. And like other commodities, the silver futures market provides speculators a convenient way to bet on the future price of silver without having to ship the stuff around. This speculation through commodities derivatives is not always a bad thing as it can add liquidity to markets and can help with price discovery.
But in the case of silver, the derivatives market has gotten way out of hand to the point of distorting true price discovery. Some market watchers believe there has been manipulation by banks with huge short positions, such as J.P. Morgan. Some, like Eric Sprott, suggest that the CME Group's odd behavior, such as raising margins two days after the silver price had just dropped by 22%, is holding down the price to help the commercial shorts. Regardless of whether you believe these "conspiracy" theories, in the long run, it does not matter. The important thing to realize is that the silver derivatives market, like all derivatives markets, is based on leverage, confidence and promises.
The main way the futures market keeps down the spot price of silver is by greatly adding to the supply of silver for investment. Take the example of the COMEX which currently has 102,516 open interest contracts (512 million ounces) promised for future delivery. This compares to roughly 117 million ounces of physical silver available for investment in 2010 (Mine supplies 736 + recycling 215 + gov't. sales 45 - fabrication 879 = 117Moz.) Shorts have promised to deliver over four times the amount of physical silver available per year. In other words, demand for silver investment at today's price is much higher than physical supply. This works fine as long as futures investors don't take physical delivery. Shorts can simply settle the contract for the cash value and everybody's happy. If a small amount of investors stand for delivery, the shorts can transfer silver from their accounts at the COMEX or buy silver on the open market. However, as more investors stand for physical delivery, things can get dicey.
Kyle Bass of Hayman Capital was clearly concerned about this leverage risk in the COMEX when he said the following:
